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| Copyright 2007 by Cleveland Arena & Stables Web Design by Julie Lyn Chaffee. Contact Web Master here. |
Yearly Vet Exams:
It's essential to stay current with your horse's annual vet exams. The main vaccinations that we need to be concerned
with are as follows:
Rabies: This vaccine contains a killed virus to protect against this disease, which affects the central nervous system
and results in death. This disease is transmissible from horse to human, thereby posing a severe public health
problem. This is an annual vaccine only.
Tetanus:
An acute, infectious disease that is the result of a toxin produced by the bacterium clostridium tetani, which enters
wounds of any nature. The vaccination is a modified toxin that stimulates an immune response. The initial vaccination
is followed by a second dose in four to six weeks. It is given annually thereafter.
Eastern and western encephalomyelitis:
This acute viral disease of rodents, birds, horses and man, is transmitted by the mosquito. The vaccine is a
combination of killed viruses. Initial vaccination is followed by a second dose in two to three weeks or four to six weeks,
depending on the vaccine used. An annual re-vaccination is given thereafter. If vaccinated properly and at the correct
time of year, the vaccine will protect your horse for the season.
Rhinopneumonitis:
This is a viral disease with three faces: respiratory disease, abortion, and a disease of the nervous system that can
cause paralysis. It was once thought all of these problems were caused by the same rhino virus, but there are two
rhino viruses involved in this disease: equine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-4. EHV-1 protects horses against
abortion and possibly the paralysis form. EHV-4 protects horses against the respiratory form, which accounts for more
than 46 percent of respiratory disease in the horse, according to recent research.
Influenza:
An acute, highly contagious viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract of the horse. The vaccine is a
combination of the two most common strains of influenza as a killed virus. Initial vaccination is followed by a second
dose in three to four weeks. This is an annual vaccine.
Strangles:
This contagious bacterial disease of the horse affects the upper respiratory tract with abscessation of the lymph
nodes, especially in the upper neck and throat region. A killed bacterin is available. Initial vaccination is followed by a
booster in three weeks and a third booster in six weeks from the initial vaccine. Annual re-vaccination is given
thereafter. Another vaccine for strangles recommends initial dose repeated in three to four weeks and annually. This
is not to be given in the face of an outbreak or at a facility where there was a confirmed case for one year after the
case was diagnosed. Most veterinarians recommend giving this intra nasally.
Potomac horse fever:
This is a seasonal disease seen generally in the summer months. It had been reported in 33-plus states as of summer
1998. The disease is characterized by high fever, severe diarrhea, malaise, depression, anorexia and very often a
severe founder that can effect all four feet. It has a high mortality rate. There is now an annual vaccine for the
prevention of this disease. It is best to give one in early spring. Initial vaccination is followed by a booster in three to
four weeks and annual re-vaccination thereafter.
Equine infectious anemia:
Does that term ring a bell? How about Coggins test? EIA—also known as swamp fever—is what the Coggins test looks
for. Okay, so what? Is it as important as your veterinarian makes it seem?
Yes, it is. No horse ever recovers from EIA; the retroviral infection persists for the horse's life, and no effective vaccine
or treatment has been found. The virus is related to viruses that cause bovine leukemia, feline leukemia, and HIV
infection. The blood test that detects the virus was designed by Dr. Leroy Coggins, a prominent veterinary virologist.
Since the advent of rigorous testing, EIA has become a rare disease in most parts of the world, but where it does
occur it can have a tremendous impact on the horse industry. Testing and reporting of results are overseen by
veterinary regulatory agencies. Your veterinarian must fill in forms with details including all the horse's identifying
marks, such as white markings and areas where the hair grows in whorls.
In many states transporting a horse within the state without a negative Coggins test is illegal. Most, if not all, states
require a negative Coggins test before a horse may be transported across state lines. Many competitions and sales
require a negative Coggins test for all horses entered. Depending on the state or competition, this negative test must
have been obtained between the previous year. Any positive test is immediately reported to the state veterinarian.
Positive horses must be destroyed or isolated for life, and all potentially exposed horses must be tested.
Although this disease is sometimes referred to as equine AIDS, the description is not accurate. The virus of EIA is only
a distant cousin to the HIV virus that causes AIDS. The EIA virus is spread through the blood of infected horses, and
infects only horses. Biting insects, especially horse flies and deer flies, carry the virus from horse to horse. Reusing
needles when injecting one horse after another can spread the virus.
Most veterinarians have little experience with this disease and many horse owners feel that the required test is mainly
a bureaucratic exercise. Not so. Despite rigorous testing, EIA virus is still around. Outbreaks of the disease have been
found in wild mustang herds and in parts of the western United States and Canada. Last year a positive horse was
detected after a sale in Pennsylvania, where a large number of potentially exposed horses had to be quarantined and
tested. Four horses in West Virginia tested positive, one of them having come from the same Pennsylvania sale barn.
Foals born to EIA positive mares may test positive due to antibodies from the mare that pass to the foal in the mare's
first milk (colostrum). Such foals must be placed in isolation facilities and retested for up to 6 months to find out
whether or not they are infected.
How can you tell if your horse has been infected by EIA virus? The disease has three forms:
Some horses develop a sudden onset of fever and depression within one to four weeks after being infected. These
horses go off feed and develop small areas of bleeding (hemorrhages) in the gums, but are not anemic. Such horses
often appear to recover, but unfortunately they are developing the second form of EIA, anemia.
When anemia develops, it may be accompanied by fever. The anemia generally waxes and wanes, with some horses
appearing to recover somewhat only to have the signs recur later. During this second stage of EIA infection the horse
may die.
The third form of EIA is the carrier horse that is infected but shows no signs of fever, anemia, or other problems.
Although most horses with this chronic form of EIA appear to be normal, veterinarians suspect the infection reduces
their athletic performance to some degree. Such horses serve as a continuous source of infection for other horses
within the range of flying insects that feed on blood. The longer an EIA positive horse goes undetected, the more likely
other horses will be infected.
The Coggins test is simple, inexpensive, and well worth the peace of mind that comes from knowing your horses
remain negative for EIA, even if they never leave your farm and even if your state or the competitions you enter do not
require a negative Coggins test. Drawing blood for a Coggins test should be a routine part of each horse's annual
veterinary examination.
In the state of Texas, the law states:
Equine animals stabled, boarded or pastured within 200 yards of equine belonging to another person shall be
considered to be a congregation point. All equine must have a negative EIA test within the last twelve months.
with are as follows:
Rabies: This vaccine contains a killed virus to protect against this disease, which affects the central nervous system
and results in death. This disease is transmissible from horse to human, thereby posing a severe public health
problem. This is an annual vaccine only.
Tetanus:
An acute, infectious disease that is the result of a toxin produced by the bacterium clostridium tetani, which enters
wounds of any nature. The vaccination is a modified toxin that stimulates an immune response. The initial vaccination
is followed by a second dose in four to six weeks. It is given annually thereafter.
Eastern and western encephalomyelitis:
This acute viral disease of rodents, birds, horses and man, is transmitted by the mosquito. The vaccine is a
combination of killed viruses. Initial vaccination is followed by a second dose in two to three weeks or four to six weeks,
depending on the vaccine used. An annual re-vaccination is given thereafter. If vaccinated properly and at the correct
time of year, the vaccine will protect your horse for the season.
Rhinopneumonitis:
This is a viral disease with three faces: respiratory disease, abortion, and a disease of the nervous system that can
cause paralysis. It was once thought all of these problems were caused by the same rhino virus, but there are two
rhino viruses involved in this disease: equine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-4. EHV-1 protects horses against
abortion and possibly the paralysis form. EHV-4 protects horses against the respiratory form, which accounts for more
than 46 percent of respiratory disease in the horse, according to recent research.
Influenza:
An acute, highly contagious viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract of the horse. The vaccine is a
combination of the two most common strains of influenza as a killed virus. Initial vaccination is followed by a second
dose in three to four weeks. This is an annual vaccine.
Strangles:
This contagious bacterial disease of the horse affects the upper respiratory tract with abscessation of the lymph
nodes, especially in the upper neck and throat region. A killed bacterin is available. Initial vaccination is followed by a
booster in three weeks and a third booster in six weeks from the initial vaccine. Annual re-vaccination is given
thereafter. Another vaccine for strangles recommends initial dose repeated in three to four weeks and annually. This
is not to be given in the face of an outbreak or at a facility where there was a confirmed case for one year after the
case was diagnosed. Most veterinarians recommend giving this intra nasally.
Potomac horse fever:
This is a seasonal disease seen generally in the summer months. It had been reported in 33-plus states as of summer
1998. The disease is characterized by high fever, severe diarrhea, malaise, depression, anorexia and very often a
severe founder that can effect all four feet. It has a high mortality rate. There is now an annual vaccine for the
prevention of this disease. It is best to give one in early spring. Initial vaccination is followed by a booster in three to
four weeks and annual re-vaccination thereafter.
Equine infectious anemia:
Does that term ring a bell? How about Coggins test? EIA—also known as swamp fever—is what the Coggins test looks
for. Okay, so what? Is it as important as your veterinarian makes it seem?
Yes, it is. No horse ever recovers from EIA; the retroviral infection persists for the horse's life, and no effective vaccine
or treatment has been found. The virus is related to viruses that cause bovine leukemia, feline leukemia, and HIV
infection. The blood test that detects the virus was designed by Dr. Leroy Coggins, a prominent veterinary virologist.
Since the advent of rigorous testing, EIA has become a rare disease in most parts of the world, but where it does
occur it can have a tremendous impact on the horse industry. Testing and reporting of results are overseen by
veterinary regulatory agencies. Your veterinarian must fill in forms with details including all the horse's identifying
marks, such as white markings and areas where the hair grows in whorls.
In many states transporting a horse within the state without a negative Coggins test is illegal. Most, if not all, states
require a negative Coggins test before a horse may be transported across state lines. Many competitions and sales
require a negative Coggins test for all horses entered. Depending on the state or competition, this negative test must
have been obtained between the previous year. Any positive test is immediately reported to the state veterinarian.
Positive horses must be destroyed or isolated for life, and all potentially exposed horses must be tested.
Although this disease is sometimes referred to as equine AIDS, the description is not accurate. The virus of EIA is only
a distant cousin to the HIV virus that causes AIDS. The EIA virus is spread through the blood of infected horses, and
infects only horses. Biting insects, especially horse flies and deer flies, carry the virus from horse to horse. Reusing
needles when injecting one horse after another can spread the virus.
Most veterinarians have little experience with this disease and many horse owners feel that the required test is mainly
a bureaucratic exercise. Not so. Despite rigorous testing, EIA virus is still around. Outbreaks of the disease have been
found in wild mustang herds and in parts of the western United States and Canada. Last year a positive horse was
detected after a sale in Pennsylvania, where a large number of potentially exposed horses had to be quarantined and
tested. Four horses in West Virginia tested positive, one of them having come from the same Pennsylvania sale barn.
Foals born to EIA positive mares may test positive due to antibodies from the mare that pass to the foal in the mare's
first milk (colostrum). Such foals must be placed in isolation facilities and retested for up to 6 months to find out
whether or not they are infected.
How can you tell if your horse has been infected by EIA virus? The disease has three forms:
Some horses develop a sudden onset of fever and depression within one to four weeks after being infected. These
horses go off feed and develop small areas of bleeding (hemorrhages) in the gums, but are not anemic. Such horses
often appear to recover, but unfortunately they are developing the second form of EIA, anemia.
When anemia develops, it may be accompanied by fever. The anemia generally waxes and wanes, with some horses
appearing to recover somewhat only to have the signs recur later. During this second stage of EIA infection the horse
may die.
The third form of EIA is the carrier horse that is infected but shows no signs of fever, anemia, or other problems.
Although most horses with this chronic form of EIA appear to be normal, veterinarians suspect the infection reduces
their athletic performance to some degree. Such horses serve as a continuous source of infection for other horses
within the range of flying insects that feed on blood. The longer an EIA positive horse goes undetected, the more likely
other horses will be infected.
The Coggins test is simple, inexpensive, and well worth the peace of mind that comes from knowing your horses
remain negative for EIA, even if they never leave your farm and even if your state or the competitions you enter do not
require a negative Coggins test. Drawing blood for a Coggins test should be a routine part of each horse's annual
veterinary examination.
In the state of Texas, the law states:
Equine animals stabled, boarded or pastured within 200 yards of equine belonging to another person shall be
considered to be a congregation point. All equine must have a negative EIA test within the last twelve months.
Here is Dr. Bud Alldredge of
Alldredge Veterinary Hospital
administering a Coggins test on
our horse "Hollywood". Notice
where the tube is inserted. This
is generally the best place to find
a vein on a horse for blood tests
and intravenous vaccinations.
Alldredge Veterinary Hospital
administering a Coggins test on
our horse "Hollywood". Notice
where the tube is inserted. This
is generally the best place to find
a vein on a horse for blood tests
and intravenous vaccinations.
This is how your veterinarian
should administer the intranasal
form of strangles protection.
should administer the intranasal
form of strangles protection.
This is a common reaction to
intranasal strangles protection.
intranasal strangles protection.
This is the spot where most
annual vaccinations are given.
annual vaccinations are given.